By Mona de Lacey
Last updated: February 29th, 2024
14 min read

Contents

1. Introduction
2. What’s the difference between elite and sub-elite athletes?
3. What is sport psychology?
4. How does sport psychology work?
5. Mental skills that sub-elite athletes can work on
6. Conclusion

Introduction

There is a big misconception when it comes to who could benefit from sport psychology – many believe it’s only elite athletes, striving to get that extra edge on their opponents, who will use a sport psychologist. But that assumption is well wide of the mark.

While sport psychology is becoming somewhat better known in the sporting world, there is still a lot of stigma around who can benefit from it [1].

At the sub-elite level of sport (more on that later), often coaches will try to play both roles (coach and sport psychologist) but this approach often doesn’t get the best out of the athlete. I am a strong believer in sticking with what you are good at. Yes, of course, a good coach can motivate athletes and apply mental skill tools like building confidence and goal setting, as well as dealing with pressure. Many coaches who were previously athletes or who have coached for a long time can share their personal experiences and what they’ve learnt from them. This definitely helps the athlete relate to what the coach wants for them when they train/compete [2].

But in my experience as a mental performance coach, athletes tend to do better when they can separate their training with a sports coach and their sessions with a mental coach. An issue could stem from the athlete not having a good relationship with the coach, and occasionally athletes have a fear of opening up to their coaches about certain things in fear of being judged or even dropped from a team. A sport psychologist or mental performance coach can help the athlete work through some of these barriers so they can train with an open mind and focus on doing their best, and not necessarily fearing the coach or even fearing failure [3].

Therefore, a sport psychologist or mental skills coach can play a crucial role in athlete development [4].

What’s the difference between elite and sub-elite athletes?

Before we dive into the world of sport psychology for sub-elite athletes, we should first define what a sub-elite athlete actually is.

There is no clear definition but many would say an elite-level athlete is one who either represents their country at the highest level or who has reached the highest level they can in their chosen sport. Therefore sub-elite level athletes, in my opinion, can be those who want to become elite but are not quite there yet, or their main goal is to compete at a decent level but not necessarily the highest level in sport. Sub-elite athletes might also not be able to dedicate all of their time to their sport [5].

What is sport psychology?

According to the American Psychological Association, sport psychology uses the same skills as ‘regular’ psychology, to improve an athlete’s performance and skills by working on the mental side. It focuses on the wellbeing of athletes, how they perform in social settings and how they develop as a person in their sport [6].

A sport psychologist uses specific skills and tools to help the athlete improve in sport and life. These tools can be tailored to the athlete and the sport and utilised individually or in a team setting. Some sport psychologists will address athletes in a warm-up room before events, or in a one-on-one setting to work on an athlete’s personal needs and goals [7].

In recent years, sport psychology has become a bit more popular due to many athletes feeling more comfortable discussing and dealing with mental health issues. Athletes must have a safe space to open up about specific topics, things that are holding them back, or mental blocks they might be dealing with [8]. Not all sports coaches are equipped to help athletes in this way – I recommend every coach have a mental skills coach they can refer their athletes to when they need extra help.

How does sport psychology work?

Most people will agree on the importance of being mentally prepared for sport. Not everyone is born confident or equipped to deal with challenging situations on the fly, but the great thing with mental skills is that you can train them, just like how you train your physical skills.

Making these positive mindset changes takes time, patience, and consistency, and mindset training can be done and learned by any level of athlete, including youths and master-level competitors [9].

Depending on your goal or what the athlete/coach wants to achieve, sport psychology takes place between an athlete or team and their mindset coach/sport psychologist [10].

Let me give you some examples. Over the years as a mindset coach, I have helped so many athletes who had hit a plateau, or struggled to achieve a specific goal or felt they had reached their limit in their sport. We would, for example, work on focusing on something else like technique instead of outcome, and all of a sudden they felt more motivated and automatically worked themselves out of their rut by just changing their mindset and what they were focusing on [11].

I have also worked with athletes who would freeze on the big stage or when they had to play a match away from home [12]. Athletes sometimes have a tendency to focus on the uncontrollable aspects like the weather or a hostile environment, which can lead them down a path of self-destruction and negativity. By shifting their focus on the things they can control, it adds so much value and enhances their self-confidence, knowing their focus is not wasted on things they cannot control but rather what they can [13].

Anxiety is another area that seems to be affecting more and more athletes – or perhaps more are simply becoming comfortable discussing their mental health issues [14]. But there’s no doubt anxiety can be debilitating for athletes, and those who do struggle with it can certainly benefit from using mental skills training with a sport psychologist to overcome and deal with their stress. Sometimes it can be as simple as working on breathing techniques before attempting a lift, starting a race or stepping onto the field. Mental skill techniques like pre-game routines, visualisation and meditation can all contribute to lowering anxiety. We’ll discuss many of those shortly.

The skills you learn can also be implemented in your life outside of sport but it’s important to remember that change takes time and you won’t just miraculously, after one session with a sport psychologist, become better. You need to keep working on these skills until they become automatic.

Mental skills that sub-elite athletes can work on

Goal setting

Goal setting is probably one of the most popular yet under-utilised mental skills that can help athletes work towards a specific target with an action plan in mind [15].

A lot of people know about goal setting but very few know how to properly use it to their advantage. Let’s dive into how goal setting can help not just elite level competitors, but intermediate and beginner athletes as well. Anyone can use goal setting to track their progress and develop extra motivation to help them achieve something special or important.

As an athlete, goal setting has helped me stay focused and motivated when things get tough, as well as measuring my progress. When you work towards something, it’s always important to see if you are moving in the right direction; if you are not, it’s a great way to reassess and make some changes to ensure you are on track.[16]

If you are not achieving your small goals, or not changing your daily habits to suit your goal, you will be able to track your progress and see that you might not be on target and have to change a few things.

Goal setting can also help make us feel like we have a purpose. You aren’t just repeating something mindlessly – you are doing whatever you are doing with intent.
The beauty of goal setting is you do not always need to set massive 10-year goals; you can also set smaller, weekly, or daily goals. Some people enjoy the process of working towards something big or small. As long as they can feel like there is an end goal in sight [17].

Let’s dive a little deeper into the power of short-term goals. Before I set a short-term goal, I almost always have a longer term goal in mind. For example, when I competed at the Commonwealth Games in 2018, my goal was to break all the South African records and be on the podium as a medalist. I knew the weights I had to lift would be ~ 90 kg in the snatch and ~ 115 kg in the clean and jerk as a minimum.

Now to get to that point, I had to break this big goal down into firstly a 6-month goal, a 3-month goal, monthly goals and after that weekly goals to be even more in-tune with what I need to do in order to achieve my big goal.

My 6-month goal included being able to prepare in South Africa with my team, as I was living in America at the time and wanted to make sure I gave myself the best possible chance by training with a team that was also preparing for the Games and who would motivate me daily to give my very best. I had a specific date in mind and a flight booked to make that plan concrete.

Now, coming to my monthly and weekly training and recovery goals. I knew exactly what weights I had to hit by when to stay on track with my big goal. I also made sure I was at all my training sessions, giving my very best. With regards to my recovery, I counted my nutritional macros knowing exactly what I needed to eat daily and weekly to make my weight category and stay fueled for my heavy training [19]. I also made sure to add into my weekly goal to see a massage therapist at least once a week to help work out the kinks in my body, so I could feel recovered going into each training session.

That was a very specific goal I had, and you don’t always have to go to that extent. But having at least some sort of goal and an action plan can drastically increase your motivation to train or work towards something you want to achieve.

Final pro tip – telling people about your goals makes it also seem more permanent and can be a great way to keep you accountable. Goal setting is a great way to keep you motivated and driven to work towards something great [20].

Self-talk

The inner voice you hear can either build you up or break you down. This inner voice can be extremely powerful if used positively; however, this is also a potent tool if misused. That is why it is vital to replace negative self-talk with positive self-talk [21]. This will only happen if we are consciously aware of the voice in our heads.

Self-talk can also be words or affirmations we say to ourselves out loud. By repeating positive, goal-specific affirmations, the internal monologue will change over time. This is a great way to remind ourselves of specific cues that help build our confidence as well as help performance [22].

Sub-elite-level athletes can use this tool to drive their performance. Targeted self-talk interventions can help sub-elite athletes improve performance and psychological state by reducing competitive anxiety and increasing volitional skills, and self-efficacy [23].

Dealing with anxiety

Any level of athlete can struggle with anxiety – it can prevent them from achieving their goals, can come at any time and significantly affect performance. Make no mistake, athletes don’t have to compete at the very top level to suffer from anxiety. Some people might want to play sports, but social settings increase their anxiety, making it challenging to put themselves out there [14].

The good news is there are ways to combat anxiety without medication. I advise athletes to see a professional if these tools do not help.

A sub-elite athlete might get extremely nervous when asked to perform a skill they have never performed before. They may also get nervous when asked to lead a team or even play a friendly match. There are so many ways athletes’ anxiousness can get stimulated. The most important part is to realise what triggers the anxiety and work on something to help combat that feeling [24].

For example, breathing is a great way to deal with anxiety; breathing techniques have been proven to help decrease your heart rate and help you feel less nervous or anxious [25]. I have personally used breathing techniques when I would compete on the international stage as an Olympic weightlifter. Every so often I would feel like I am either over-aroused when I compete or under-aroused which would lead me to feel extremely anxious and my heart would feel like it’s beating out of my chest. The easiest and simplest technique I made use of, which took some time to perfect, was some breathing exercises I would do just before stepping on stage to perform a big lift.

Some athletes might listen to music before their events to help calm them down [26]. If a high-intensity warm-up causes you to feel more nervous than you should, I recommend doing a lower-intensity warm-up to help you feel calm and grounded.

Visualisation

Should sub-elite level athletes visualise? I believe anyone who wants to achieve something great in their lives needs to use this skill. You do not just have to visualise yourself winning an Olympic gold medal, you can simply visualise yourself going to training three times a week or seeing yourself mentally having fun and learning a new skill [27].

Visualisation, often called imagery, is when you see yourself performing a skill or achieving something in your mind. Many psychologists believe your brain does not know the difference between reality and imagination hence why this is such a powerful tool when used correctly.

You do not need to spend hours visualising a day. I would, however, recommend finding a few days in the week where you can have some quiet time and use all of your senses (taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight) when performing this skill. There is no ‘best time’ to visualise – some people like visualising in the morning to build their confidence and motivation for the day, others will visualise just before a training session or even straight after to reflect on their training and what they would like to work on [28].

Find what works best for you, even if you spend just 3-5 minutes a day visualising. The more time you can spend doing it, the better the skill becomes. Just like you need to train your physical skills, you must train your mental skills.

Conclusion

Making use of the power of the mind can be an impactful tool for all athletes, not just those at the elite level – competitors of all ages and levels can benefit from sport psychology. There is always something to work on, even if it is just motivation or confidence. Identify what mental skills you need to work on and train them the same way you would train your physical skills.

I believe there is always room for improvement, and that’s the beauty of sport. We might not always want to achieve an outcome goal or win a medal, but we might seek to enjoy the process of working towards something. Working on becoming a better athlete and person in general can make a big difference in how you perform in sport or even as a leader in sport.

Starting off with the basic mental skills like goal setting, self-talk (affirmations) and visualisation can be a great start to understanding how you can utilise these skills to enhance your sporting performance.

Mona de Lacey

Mona is a Commonwealth Games medalist in the sport of Olympic Weightlifting, CrossFit Games competitor, and 6x Karate World Champion. Her love of competing and sport led her to gaining her Honours Degree in Sport Psychology. Her combined experience as an elite athlete and mental skills coach has sparked her drive to coach athletes and help them reach their goals. Mona is the owner of Helping Psychology and Lift Big Eat Big Weightlifting, and she strives to help athletes reach their full potential mentally and physically.

More content by Mona

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The post Sport psychology: How can it benefit sub-elite athletes? appeared first on Science for Sport.

Mental toughness rarely comes naturally but it is a vital part to sports performance. Zion Clark is one athlete who has learnt the hard way to overcome some serious obstacles.

By Matt Solomon
Last updated: February 29th, 2024
4 min read

Mental toughness: One man’s guide

Lacking motivation for your workout? Take a lesson from one of the world’s most impressive athletes, who smashes through obstacles, breaks world records and never makes excuses.

In Science for Sport Podcast episode 81, Zion Clark, athlete, motivational speaker and children’s author, discusses the obstacles he has overcome, and how he uses the phrase ‘No Excuses’ as his life motto.

Clark was born with Caudal Regression Syndrome – which means he was born without legs. His biological mother couldn’t care for him, and he battled through the American foster care system.

Though growing up in that environment might have been enough to break most people, Clark has demonstrated fantastic mental toughness and resilience, partly due to lessons he learned as a high-school wrestler.

During a big event, with the odds against him, his coach helped to change his mentality forever.

“My coach grabbed me by my shirt and said ‘you don’t have an excuse’ – you battled this far. You can finish it through – no excuses,” Clark said.

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Growing mental toughness from challenges

These simple words were enough to inspire Clark to win in dramatic fashion. But those words left a legacy longer than just a single win.

“That’s what did it for me. I went out there and this guy tried to jump over me to take me down – I caught him mid-air by his legs, got the takedown, and won the match. I was the victor. Ever since then, I’ve adopted that mentality,” Clark said.

Alongside wrestling, Clark took up track and field, inspired by the results of his sister.

“She had completely destroyed the state record and won a state title in the long jump. And just I fed off that energy – I was just like, ‘that’s my sister, that’s my family’. I’ve got to do something like track and field, this thing is cool,” he said.

MORE: THREE LESSONS ANY ATHLETE CAN LEARN FROM PARALYMPIANS
Clark took to track and field like a duck to water, and while the training sessions were gruelling, he was able to rely on the mental toughness he had built up through his wrestling experience.

“When I’m covered in blood, breathing hard, throwing up, or nearly passing out because I work so hard … I am used to it,” he said.

Extra tips to help boost your mental toughness

Learning to push your body that hard requires some serious motivation and dedication, plus of course a next-level pain threshold. So where does all that motivation go on an average training day? Well, brace yourself for a mad schedule.

“I wake up, I go to practice for about two, two-and-a half hours, maybe three. Then I’ll go to the gym and I’ll get a lift in or I’ll do some extra conditioning and then I rest up, fuel up, and I’ll probably have another workout later that evening,” Clark said.

So that’s at least one technical and one strength and/or conditioning training in the same day, alongside all his other commitments. This might seem like a mad schedule, but it’s what Clark feels he needs to do to make it at the top in both life and sport.

If you’re feeling lazy, you’re not the only one, but the good news is you can take a lesson from both Clark and his wrestling coach. So next time your training session is in doubt, or you don’t want to haul your lazy ass to the gym, just remember what Clark would say: No excuses.

If you want to hear more from Clark, like exactly how he trains in the gym, how he broke a world record, and how he uses sport science to take his performance to the next level, just hit the link below to listen to the full podcast!
You can download the podcast on any of the big hosting services, including Apple Podcasts and Spotify, or just use this link: https://scienceforsport.fireside.fm/81
Don’t forget to hit the subscribe button and be sure to give us a review and rating too!

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Matt Solomon

Matt is a strength and conditioning coach at Team NL (Dutch Olympic Team). He was also the Lead Academy Sports Scientist/Strength and Conditioning coach at Al Shabab Al Arabi FC. For Science for Sport, Matt works as the group manager for the Coaches Club and is the host of the Science for Sport Podcast.

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The post Mental toughness: An inspirational guide to overcoming obstacles appeared first on Science for Sport.

Goal setting is enormously valuable for athletes, coaches and teams but there are several important factors to be aware of.

By Niall Seewang
Last updated: March 1st, 2024
3 min read

Why goal setting is so valuable

Goal setting is enormously valuable for athletes, coaches, and teams but there are several important factors to be aware of, a leading US-based strength and conditioning coach says.

Ty Gregg, the Director of Strength and Conditioning at St. George’s independent School in Memphis, Tennessee, says coaches and athletes must work together to get the most out of goal setting.  
“[Goals] give you something to strive for. If [you don’t set goals], then what is your purpose?”  Gregg said in his Science for Sport presentation titled ‘Goal Setting’.

“Goal setting is the systematic framework of progressing towards something. They help by pinpointing a target to shoot for. And goals should not just be individual – they should be for teams and organisations.

“Coaches should provide times to sit down and discuss goals with their athletes, and the goals should be individual-based and team-based.”

The ideal goal setting formula

Gregg says his research shows specific, difficult goals led to better performance than easy or vague goals, and short-term goals led to the achievement of long-term goals.

He added feedback regarding progress is necessary for goal setting to work, and results could be seen within approximately six weeks.  

MORE: 3 STRATEGIC PRINCIPLES ATHLETES NEED TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS
But how should coaches and athletes set goals? 
Gregg says the ‘SUCCESS’ formula was an ideal way to set goals.

The SUCCESS formula of goal setting 
Subjective – the best goals are personal. They reflect what we really want and need, not what others want from us.

Urgent – better goals inspire immediate action. It’s something that should be wanted ‘now’.

Committed – choose goals that you feel strongly enough about to persist with until you achieve them.

Concrete – goals that are concrete and specific are more likely to be realised than goals that are vague.

Evaluate – regularly reviewing progress towards our goals is an evidence-based method for improving our results.  
Shared – writing down and publicising goals increases a sense of accountability for achieving them.

Support – goals for which we can obtain support from others or pursue in cooperation with others give us an edge.

The three different types of goals

Gregg says it is important to be aware of the three main types of goals – the performance goal, the process goal and the outcome goal.

“Performance goals usually focus on achieving standards or performance objectives independent of other competitors. For example, running a mile in six minutes,” he said.

“Process goals focus on the actions an individual must engage in to perform well. For example, a basketball player focusing on releasing the ball at the peak of their jump. These are usually performed at practise, not in competition.

“Outcome goals focus on the end result of an event. They depend not only on your play but that of the competitor. For example, winning a tennis match.

“In the short-term, [athletes and coaches should focus on] process and performance goals; in the long-term [the focus can be] outcome goals.” 
Finally, Gregg says if goal setting isn’t working, it could be down to one of several factors.

“Failure of goal setting could be having to convince individuals to set goals, failing to set specific goals, setting too many goals too soon, failing to adjust goals, failing to recognise individual differences or not providing any follow-up or evaluation,” Gregg said.

“Always prepare and make a plan. And goals should be evaluated and modified if the need arises.” 

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Niall Seewang

Niall Seewang is a former sports journalist and editor who has helped launch two of Australia’s leading online sports platforms – AFL Media in 2011 and ESPN Australia in 2016.

He also has a Bachelor of Applied Science (Human Movement) from Deakin University in Australia and has a Postgraduate diploma in Journalism from La Trobe University, also in Australia. On top of all this, Niall has a long-standing curiosity about how athletes and teams get the best out of themselves.

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The post How to get the most out of goal setting appeared first on Science for Sport.

Your weekly research review

By Adam Kerr
Last updated: March 3rd, 2023
4 min read

Background & Objective

The role of emotions in sport performance has been shown to be incredibly important (see HERE). Successful athletes are often seen to have good control of their emotions and have stable emotional competencies. It has been previously shown that emotional intelligence (EI) can be trained (see HERE), however, it has also been noted that mental skills training can be seen as time-consuming, and therefore, not suitable for an elite athlete’s schedule. In addition to this, with most sport teams, there is an absence of sport psychologists within the support staff group, and therefore, most – if any – mental skills training is performed by the head coach or other staff. This can obviously have an impact on the success during training.

This study addressed these issues by highlighting the effects of a short-term EI training program fitted in to the schedule of an elite rugby team in the build up to an international game. The study also looked at whether the effectiveness of the EI training was influenced by the member of the coaching staff who delivered it.

What They Found

Ninety-six male 17-year-old elite rugby union players were selected for the study and randomly assigned to either control group or one of three experimental group’s, where the EI training was delivered by different members of the coaching team:

Emotional intelligence was assessed before and after the EI training and before the match, using the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC). The EI training program was built into the 1-week preparation period before an international game, with three 1-h sessions delivered by the group’s trainer in the three consecutive days before the game. The control group performed three 1-h game analysis sessions in the same period.

The groups exposed to the EI training were found to:

An effect of the specific trainer on the EI training was also seen, with the sports psychologist group showing a significant positive effect on the regulation of the players own emotions. The head coaches’ group was seen to have marginal positive effects on expression of own emotions and the medical staff group found positive effects on the use others emotions.

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What This Means

It appears as though emotional intelligence can be improved within an elite team-sports setting when the training is delivered using a group-based approach and over a short-time period. Compared to a control group, EI training can specifically improve the expressing and controlling of players own emotions, however, the training failed to improve some of the other emotional competencies measured by the PEC. Unfortunately though, the time-frame of this study was shorter than other studies where more of a global EI improvement has previously been reported.

It is also interesting to note that the same training delivered by different members of the coaching team can elicit different improvements in emotional competencies, which shows that a previous relationship with the players can be as important as a deeper understanding of the psychology behind managing and controlling emotions.

Practical Takeaways

Want to learn more?
The full study can be read here.

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This comprehensive topic base ensures you’re constantly expanding your knowledge and accelerating your career as quickly as humanly possible. The reviews are also hyper-focused, 1-page summaries, meaning there’s no jargon or wasted time. We cut right to the chase and tell you what you need to know so you can get back to coaching.

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Adam Kerr

Adam is the Head of Physical Performance for Scunthorpe United FC and has previously worked at Middlesbrough FC, Arsenal FC and the Professional Golfers Association. He holds a Masters degree in Sport Science from Sheffield Hallam University and is an accredited strength and conditioning coach with the UKSCA.

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